![]() The safety and biocompatibility of kafirin implants in two forms was determined in rodent models. Kafirin could be advantageous as it is more hydrophobic, more cross-linked, more slowly digested by mammalian proteases than zein and is non-allergenic. Zein has good bio- and cyto-compatibility. Kafirin, the sorghum prolamin protein, like its maize homologue zein, can be made into microparticles and films and potentially used as a biomaterial. The current study therefore provided morphological evidence for thrombotic events associated with burn injury. Small fragments of these netted, clumped areas may therefore break loose and lead to thrombotic events after burn injuries. This is due to impaired fibrinolysis activities, causing the resulting fibrin clots not to be successfully disseminated. We suggest that the thrombotic events associated with burn injury are due to the thickened and netlike areas formed when thrombin activates the coagulation cascade. Also, the clot showed areas of matted fibrin. We found that the clot architecture changes after burn injury, showing more prominent minor, thin fibres in a netted appearance. A typical fibrin network will contain mostly major, thick fibres with minor, thin fibres distributed amongst them. Using a Wistar albino rat model, we investigated in this study whether burn injury affects the ultrastructure of the fibrin networks. Also, venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and hypercoagulability are common during thermal injury. Injury due to burning is known to impact on coagulation and haemostasis by disturbing the coagulation cascade and is also associated with impaired fibrinolysis. From these results it can be suggested that Modul8® might successfully be used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as asthma. Also, it seems as if Modul8® has a stabilizing effect on the platelets and fibrin networks. It is therefore concluded that Modul8® positively influences the white blood cell counts by altering the asthmatic profile to look similar to that of the control. The asthmatic platelet aggregates appeared granular without the tight round appearance of the control platelet aggregates. Whereas the fibrin networks from the asthmatic animals appeared flimsy with a tight mass of thin fibres covering the thick major fibres. Changes in the ultrastructure of the platelets and fibrin networks could also be observed, with the Modul8® -treated group appearing similar to that of the control group where thick major and thin minor fibres could clearly be distinguished and a tight mass of platelet aggregate could be observed. Results from the blood smears as well as the bronchial lavage smears revealed significantly higher eosinophil counts in the asthmatic group compared to the control and treated groups. The animals were sensitised, nebulized and treated over a period of 43 days until termination. As it is known that platelets also play an important role in the immune system, the ultrastructure of platelets and fibrin networks were also investigated by scanning electron microscopy. In the current study the effect of this immunomodulator is tested on an experimental asthmatic BALB/c mouse model to investigate its properties on the white blood cell count in the blood and bronchial lavage of the animals since white blood cells play a fundamental role in the inflammatory process involved in asthma. Modul8® is a composite mixture of natural products that are known to be an immunomodulator.
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